Narration { Direct speech/ Indirect speech} -with Rules and examples
"In erammar Narration is a way of telling or giving an account of the speech of the speaker before others . "
उपर्यक्त परिभाषा से स्पष्ट होता है कि किसी कथन को उसी रूप में कह देना या उसको बदलकर किसी अन्य रूप में कह देना ही Narration है I Narration का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है ' वक्तव्य ' ( Speech ) |
Kinds of the Narration
Narration दो प्रकार के होते हैं
- Direct ( form of ) Speech .
- Indirect ( form of ) Speech .
- Direct Narration / Speech ( प्रत्यक्ष कथन ) : “ जब वक्ता के कथन को बिल्कुल उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त किया जाता है , तो उसे Direct Narration / Speech कहा जाता है । " Note : Direct Narration में वक्ता के कथन को Inverted Commas के भीतर रखा जाता है ।
- Indirect Narration / Speech ( अप्रत्यक्ष कथन ) : " वक्ता के कथन की परिवर्तित प्रस्तुति को Indirect Narration / Speech कहते हैं । "
Examples :
Direct Narration / Speech
He said , " I am singing . "
You said to me , " Where do you live ? "
He said , " lam busy today . "
Indirect Narration / Speech
He said that he was singing .
You asked me where l lived .
He said that he was busy that day .
Narration से सम्बंधित कुछ पारिभाषिक शब्द
- Reporting Speech : Direct Narration में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनेवाले Clause को Reporting Speech कहा जाता है ; जैसे- Ravi said , " Two and two is four . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में " Ravi said ' Reporting Speech है ।
- Reporting Subject : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनेवाले Clause के Subject को Reporting Subject कहते हैं ; जैसे - Ram said , " You are honest . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' Ram ' Reporting Subject है ।
- Reporting Verb : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनवाल Clause के Verb को , जो वक्ता के विषय में कुछ बताता है , Reporting Verb कहलाता है ; जैसे - Ravi said , “ You are ill . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' said ' Reporting Verb है ।
- Reporting Object : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनेवाले Clause में प्रयुक्त Object को Reporting Object कहा जाता है ; जैसे She said to me , " I want to talk to you . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' me ' Reporting Object है ।
- Reported Speech : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के अंदर रहनेवाले वाक्य को Reported Speech कहा जाता है ; जैसे - He said , " I help the poor . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में “ I help the poor " Reporned Speech है ।
- Verb of the Reported Speech : Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Verb को Verb of the Reported Speech कहा जाता है ; जैसे The teacher said , " The earth revolves round the sun . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' revolves ' Verb of the Reported Speech है ।
A . General Rules
B . Special Rules .
A . General Rules - Direct Speech को Indirect में बदलने के लिए कुछ ऐसे rules होते हैं , जो सभी प्रकार के Sentences में लागू होते हैं । ऐसे rules को General Rules कहा जाता है । ये rules निम्नलिखित तीन भागों में बाँटे गए हैं
1 . Change of Person . 2 . Change of Tense . 3 . Change of other Parts of Speech .
1 . Change of Person
Direct Nartation म Inverted Commas के अंदर प्रयुक्त Pronouns को Indirect Narration में बदलते समय निम्नलिखित नियमों के आधार पर परिवर्तित किया जाता है
1. First Person क Pronouns का Reportine Speech के Subicct के अनुसार बदला । जाता है । जैसे
D . S . - Radha says to me . " love Shyam . "
I . S . - Radha tells me that she loves Shyam .
2. Second Person के Pronouns को Reporting Speech के Object के अनुसार । बदला जाता है ; जैसे
D . S . - Dinesh says to me , " You artagood man . "
I . S . - Dinech tells me that I am agood man .
3 . Third Person के Pronouns में परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है । जैसे
D . S . - Vijay said to me , " She is honest . "
I . S . - Vijay told me that she was honest
उपर्युक्त नियमों को संक्षेप में SON सूत्र से भी दर्शाया जाता है ।
S = The pronoun of the first person of the Reported Speech changes according to the Subject of the Reporting Speech .
Rule ( 1 ) का उदाहरण इसका प्रमाण है ।
O = The pronoun of the second person of the Reported Speech changes according to the object of the Reporing Speech .
Rule ( 2 ) का उदाहरण इसका प्रमाण है ।
N = ' N ' refers to ' no change ' in the pronoun of the third person of the Reported Speech
Rule ( 3 ) का उदाहरण इसका प्रमाण है ।
देखें कुछ और उदाहरण -
Direct - - Raman said , " I shall do my work . "
Indirect - Raman said that he would do his work .
Direct - Sunita said , " I shall read my book . "
Indirect - Sunita said that she would read her book .
Direct - I said to the boys , " You should obey your parents ".
Indirect - - Itold the boys that they should obey their parents .
Direct - The boys said to me , “ You were our friend and we were your friends . "
Indirect - The boys told me thati was their friend and they were my friends .
Direct - He said to me , " She has broken her pen . " Indirect - He told me that she had broken her pen .
Direct - - Hari said to Shyam . " He has lost his bag . "
Indirect - Hari told Shyam that he had lost his bag .
Note 1. ( a ) : Reported Speech में वक्ता / श्रोता एवं मानव - समाज हेतु प्रयुक्त We का Person नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे --
Direct - I said to Hari ." We saw Raju singing in the classroom".
Indirect - I told Hari that we had seen Raju singing in the classroom .
Direct - The saint said to us ,“ We are mortal . "
Indirect - The saint told us that we are mortal .
( b ) Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Editorial we ' य Noun of Multitude ( Government , Jury . Committee etc . ) हेतु प्रयुक्त 'we ' बदल जाता है | 'it' में तथा ' our बदल जाता है ' its ' में ; जैसे -
Direct - The committee says , “ We are trying our best to give our members the latest development . '
Indirect - The committee says that it is trying its best to give its members the latest development .
Direct- The Hindustan Times says , " Our office reopens a day after tomorrow . "
Indirect - The Hindustan Times says that its office reopens a day after tomorrow .
Note ( ii ) :
Change of Person में Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त होनेवाले Pronoun के Person में बदलाव होता है , न कि उसके Number या Case में । विद्यार्थियों की सुविधा के लिए नीचे Personal Pronouns के Forms तालिकाबद्ध किये जा रहे है_
| Case | First person | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Subjective | I | WE |
| objective | ME | US |
| possessive | MY, MINE | OUR ,OURS |
| CASE | Second person | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Subjective | YOU | YOU |
| objective | YOU | YOU |
| possessive | YOUR , YOURS | |
| Case | Third person | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| Subjective | HE,SHE,IT | THET | |
| objective | HIM,HER,IT | THEM | |
| POSSEIVE | HIS,HERS,ITS | THEIR,THEIRS |
2 . Change of Tense
Change of Tense के अन्तर्गत निम्नलिखित नियमों का पालन करना चाहिए _
Rule 1 . यदि Reporting Verb Present य Future Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech के Verb का Tense अपरिवर्तित रहता है । जैसे_
The teacher says , " It will rain today . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher says that it will rain that day . ( Indirect Speech )
Ravi will say , " Nobody was in the classroom . " ( Direct Speech )
Ravi will say that nobody was in the classroom . ( Indirect Speech )
Rule 2 . यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech का Verb भी Past Tense में निम्नलिखित तरीके से बदल जाता है_
( a ) Simple Present बदलता है Simple Past Tense में ; जैसे _
The teacher said , " Ramesh works hard . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that Ramesh worked hard . ( Indirect Speech )
The Captain said , “ Rajan plays very well . " ( Direct Speech )
The Captain said that Rajan played very well . ( Indirect Speech )
( b ) Present Continuous बदलता है Past Continuous Tense में ; जैसे_
Ali said , " lam writing a letter . " ( Direct Speech )
Ali said that he was writing a letter . ( Indirect Speech )
The teacher said , " The boys are playing cricket . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that the boys were playing cricket . ( Indirect Speech )
( c ) Present Perfect बदलता है Past Perfect Tense में ; जैसे_
Sonu said , " Nitu has done her work . " ( Direct Speech )
Sonu said that Nitu had done her work . ( Indirect Speech )
She said , " Ravi has written a letter . " ( Direct Speech )
She said that Ravi had written a letter . ( Indirect Speech )
( d ) Present Perfect Continuous बदलता है Past Perfect Continuous Tense में : जैसे_
He said , " Hari has been playing since 90 ' clock . " ( Direct Speech )
He said that Hari had been playing since 9 o ' clock . ( Indirect Speech )
My mother said , " The boy has been suffering from fever for five days . " ( Direct Speech )
My mother said that the boy had been suffering from fever for five days . ( Indirect Speech )
( e ) Simple Past बदलता है Past Perfect Tense में : जैसे -
Samir said , " I worked hard toget success . " ( Direct Speech )
Samir said that he had worked hard to get success . ( indirect Speech )
The teacher said , " I wrote a book . . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that he had written a book ( Indirect Speech )
( f ) Past Continuous बदलता है Past Perfect Continuous Tense में ; जैसे_
Amit said , " I was going to market . " ( Direct Speech )
Amit said that he had been going to market . ( Indirect Speech )
Arun said , " I was writing a letter . " ( Direct Speech )
Arun said that he had been writing a letter . ( Indirect Speech )
Note : नीचे Rule III की तालिका दी जा रही है , जिससे विद्यार्थियों को समझने में सुविधा होगी_
Exception : यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में हो और Reported Speech में सार्वभौमिक सत्य ( Universal Truths ) , आदतन सत्य ( Habitual Facts ) , ऐतिहासिक सत्य ( Historical Facts ) तथा कहावत ( Proverbs ) हों , जो सामान्यत : Simple Present में होते हैं , तो Indirect Speech में उनके Verb के Tense में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है ; जैसे _
The teacher said , " The earth revolves round the sun . ” ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun . ( Indirect Speech )
The hermit said , " Man is mortal . " . ( Direct Speech )
The hermit said that man is mortal . ( Indirect Speech )
Rule 3 . यदि Reported Speech के मुख्य क्रिया के साथ ' would ' , ' could ' , ' should ' , ' might ' , ' ought to ' या let ' का प्रयोग हो , तो Indirect Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे_
D . S . - Mohan said , " I should go there . "
I . S . - Mohan said that he should go there .
D . S . - Isaid , " I could not do the work . "
I . S . - Isaid that I could not do the work .
D . S . - The teacher said , “ You ought to obey your parents .
I . S . - The teacher said that you ought to obey your parents .
D . S . - Ram said to me . " Might l go now ? "
I . S . - Ram asked me if he might go then .
D . S . - Aman said , " Ler me do this work . "
I . S . - Aman requested that he might be allowed to do that work .
Rule 4 . यदि Reported Speech को report करनेवाले व्यक्ति को आभास हो कि Reported Speech में वर्णित स्थिति में कोई Change नहीं आया है , तब भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे_
D . S . - Ram said , " l joined this college because it is famous for its scientific studies . "
I . S . - Ram said that he had joined this college because it is famous for its scientific studies .
D . S . - He said to Mohan , " Hari touched the feet of his parents every morning . "
I . S . He told Mohan that Hari touched the feet of his parents every morning .
Rule 5 . Imaginary या Improbable Condition वाले Past Tense का Tense नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे _
D . S . - She said , " If my children were older , I would take up ajob . "
I . S . - She said that if her children were older , she would take upa job .
3 . Change of other Parts of Speech
Reporting Verb के Past Tense में रहने पर Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त निकटतासूचक Adjective , Verb अथवा Adverb को भी दूरीसूचक शब्दों में बदल दिया जाता है ; जैसे_
Examples :
Direct Speech
He said , " I am happy now .”
Rahim said , " I will come here . "
Anit said , "I am glad to be here this morning".
She said , " I shall come tomorrow . "
Indirect Speech
He said that he was happy then .
Rahim said that he would go there.
Amit said that he was glad to be there that morning .
She said that she would go the next day .
Ramesh said , " This is my pen . " ( Direct Speech )
Ramesh said that this was his pen . ( Indirect Speech )
Sohan said , " I will do it now . " ( Direct Speech )
Sohan said that he would do it now . ( Indirect Speech )
Note II . : Direct Speech में Reporting Verb के बाद Object न रहने की स्थिति में Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Subject के भावानुसार उचित Personal Pronoun in Objective Case form को सुविधानुसार Object के रूप में रखकर Indirect Speech में बदलना चाहिए ; जैसे _
The teacher said , " You are a fool . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher told me that I was a fool . ( Indirect Speech )
or . The teacher told him that he was a fool . ( Indirect Speech )
Note III . : Reported Speech वाक्य के प्रारंभ में भी रह सकता है या Reporting Verb के बाद में या Reporting Verb के दोनों तरफ ; जैसे_
( a ) have done my work " , he said .
( b ) Ram said , " Tamill . "
( c ) am ready to co - operate you " Nisha said to me , " because you are my friend . "
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